Study Notes: Social Studies Content
Theme I: Our Universe
Earth and the Universe
Shape of Earth: Spherical (technically an oblate spheroid)
Universe Origin: Big Bang theory - universe originated approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an extremely hot, dense point
Solar System: Consists of the Sun and objects orbiting it (planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, comets)
Earth in Solar System: Third planet from the Sun, the only known planet with life
Celestial Bodies
Stars: Luminous spheres of plasma held together by gravity
Planets: Large objects orbiting stars that have cleared their orbital path
Moons: Natural satellites orbiting planets
Asteroids: Rocky objects smaller than planets
Comets: Icy bodies that release gas and dust when near the Sun
Constellations: Patterns of stars forming recognizable shapes (e.g., Orion, Big Dipper)
Realms of the Earth
Latitudes: Horizontal lines measuring north-south position (0° at equator, 90° at poles)
Longitudes: Vertical lines measuring east-west position (0° at Prime Meridian)
Earth's Movements:
Rotation: Spinning on its axis (24 hours, causes day and night)
Revolution: Orbiting around the Sun (365.25 days, causes seasons)
Globe and Earth's Features
Globe: Scaled model of Earth
Earth's Axis: Imaginary line passing through North and South poles (tilted at 23.5°)
Equinox: When day and night are equal length (Spring and Autumn equinoxes)
Eclipses:
Solar eclipse: Moon passes between Earth and Sun
Lunar eclipse: Earth passes between Sun and Moon
Maps
Elements: Directions, scale, symbols, legend
Types: Physical, political, thematic, topographic
Political Divisions: Village, Mandal, District, State, Country
Direction: Cardinal (North, South, East, West) and intermediate directions
Earth's Structure and Environment
Components of Environment: Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere
Interior of Earth: Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
Atmosphere: Layers of gases surrounding Earth (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere)
Biosphere: Part of Earth where life exists
Pollution: Air, water, land, noise pollution
Disasters: Natural (earthquakes, floods) and man-made disasters
Landforms
Major Types: Mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys
Landforms in AP: Eastern Ghats, Deccan Plateau, coastal plains
Podu Cultivation: Shifting cultivation practiced in hilly areas of AP
Diversity in Lifestyles: How geography influences culture and livelihoods
Forests and Climate
Climatic Regions: Tropical, temperate, polar regions
Types of Forests: Tropical rainforests, deciduous forests, coniferous forests
Forests in AP: Deciduous forests, mangroves along coast
Deforestation: Causes and consequences
Conservation: Protected areas, sustainable practices
Natural Resources
Land: Agricultural, industrial, recreational uses
Soil: Types, formation, conservation
Water: Fresh and salt water resources, conservation
Natural Vegetation: Distribution, importance, conservation
Wildlife: Biodiversity, endangered species, conservation efforts
Theme II: Production Exchange and Livelihoods
Migration
Reasons: Economic opportunities, natural disasters, conflicts, education
Effects: Urbanization, cultural exchange, remittances, population shifts
Slums: Formation, challenges, improvement initiatives
Family and Professions
Family Budget: Income, expenditure, savings
Professions: Traditional (farming, tailoring) and modern occupations
Resources and Minerals
Types of Resources: Natural, human-made, human
Conservation: Sustainable use of resources
Minerals: Metallic, non-metallic, energy minerals
Distribution: Geological factors affecting mineral availability
Power Resources:
Conventional: Coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectric
Non-conventional: Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biomass
Human Resources
Population Distribution: Factors affecting where people live
Population Density: Number of people per unit area
Population Change: Birth rate, death rate, migration
Population Composition: Age, gender, education, occupation
Economic Activities
Agriculture:
Types: Subsistence, commercial, intensive, extensive
Major Crops: Food grains, commercial crops
Industries:
Classification: Primary, secondary, tertiary
Distribution: Factors affecting industrial location
Traditional and Modern Production
Weavers: Traditional textile production
Iron Smelters: Traditional metallurgy
Factory Owners: Modern industrial production
Indian Textiles: Historical importance in world markets
Wootz Steel: High-quality steel associated with Tipu Sultan's swords
Public Facilities and Rights
Water as Fundamental Right: Access to clean water
Government Role: Providing basic amenities and infrastructure
Markets
Types: Local, national, international; wholesale, retail
Consumer Protection: Laws and agencies protecting consumer rights
Transport and Communication
Transport Systems: Roadways, railways, waterways, airways
International Transport: Shipping, aviation
Exports and Imports: International trade
Global Village: Interconnectedness through transport and communication
Special Transport: In hills, forests, deserts, snowy areas, water bodies
Road Safety: Traffic symbols, safety measures for pedestrians and cyclists
Theme III: Political Systems and Governance
Historical Development of Societies
Early Life to Settled Life:
Nomadic people: Hunter-gatherers
Belum Caves and Rock Paintings: Evidence of early human habitation
Agricultural Revolution: Growing plants, rearing animals
Settled Life: Development of permanent settlements
Ancient Kingdoms and Empires
Emergence of Kingdoms and Republics:
Mahajanapadas: 16 great kingdoms
Magadha: Powerful ancient kingdom
Vajji: Ancient republic/oligarchy
Major Empires:
Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE): First pan-Indian empire, Ashoka
Gupta Empire (320-550 CE): Golden Age of India
Satavahana Dynasty (1st BCE-3rd CE): Ruled Deccan region
Pallava Dynasty (275-897 CE): South Indian dynasty
Chalukya Dynasty (543-753 CE): Ruled parts of central and southern India
Medieval Period
Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526): Five dynasties ruled from Delhi
Kakatiyas (1163-1323): Ruled parts of modern Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646): Major South Indian empire
Mughals (1526-1857): Empire established by Babur
Modern Government
Types of Government:
Monarchy: Rule by king/queen
Democracy: Rule by people through representatives
Levels of Government:
Local Self-Government: Panchayats, municipalities
State Government: Provincial authority
Central Government: National authority
Parliament and Legislature
Parliament's Role: Lawmaking, representing people, oversight of executive
Composition: Lok Sabha (lower house), Rajya Sabha (upper house)
State Legislature: State Assembly, Legislative Council (in some states)
Judiciary
Role: Interpreting laws, delivering justice
Independent Judiciary: Free from other branches of government
Court Structure: Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts
Legal System Branches: Civil law, criminal law
Criminal Justice System: Role of police, prosecutors, judges
Fair Trial: Rights of the accused
Law and Social Justice: Bhopal Gas Tragedy as case study
Environmental Laws: New regulations for protection
Indian Constitution
Key Features: Parliamentary system, federalism, fundamental rights
Fundamental Rights: Right to equality, freedom, against exploitation, etc.
Fundamental Duties: Obligations of citizens
Secularism: Equal respect for all religions, separation of religion and state
Colonial India
British Education Policy: "Civilizing the Native"
Impact on Local Schools: Decline of traditional education systems
National Education Movement: Indian efforts for education reform
Historical Periodization: How we divide and study history
Colonial Rule: Nature and impact of colonialism
East India Company: From trade to territorial control
Battle of Plassey (1757): Beginning of British political control
Tipu Sultan: Resistance to British expansion
Doctrine of Lapse: Annexation policy under Lord Dalhousie
Administrative Systems:
Diwani System: Company control of revenue
Munro System: Ryotwari settlement in South India
Indigo Cultivation: Forced cultivation and the "Blue Rebellion"
Tribal Lives: Impact of colonial policies on tribal communities
Forest Laws: Restriction of traditional rights
Birsa Munda: Tribal leader who fought against British
Indian Freedom Struggle
Revolt of 1857: "Mutiny" that became popular rebellion
Nationalism Emergence (1870s): Early nationalist movement
Mass Nationalism: Gandhi's leadership and mass participation
Salt March (1930): Civil disobedience movement
Quit India Movement (1942): Final push for independence
Post-Independence India
Partition: Division into India and Pakistan
Constitution Making: Constituent Assembly and adoption process
State Formation: Linguistic reorganization of states
Planning for Development: Five-Year Plans and economic strategies
Sixty Years On: Achievements and challenges
Theme IV: Social Organization and Inequities
Inequality and Equality
Forms of Inequality: Social, economic, gender
Constitutional Provisions: Articles promoting equality
Remedial Measures: Reservations, welfare schemes
Overcoming Discrimination: Success stories despite barriers
Women's Movement and Reform
Women's Movement: Historical development and achievements
Inspirational Women: Leaders in various fields
Widow Reforms: Abolition of sati, widow remarriage
Girls' Education: Progressive measures for female literacy
Women Writers: Literary contributions highlighting women's issues
Caste Reforms
Gulamgiri: Jyotirao Phule's critique of caste system
Non-Brahmin Movement: Challenge to Brahminical dominance
Social Reform: Efforts to eliminate caste discrimination
Marginalization
Adivasis and Development: Challenges faced by tribal communities
Minorities: Religious and linguistic minorities' experiences
Confronting Marginalization: Legal and social measures
Fundamental Rights: Constitutional protection for marginalized groups
Laws for Marginalized: Specific protections for Dalits and Adivasis
1989 Act: SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act
Theme V: Religion and Society
Major Religions
Hinduism: Ancient religion with diverse traditions
Jainism: Founded by Mahavira, emphasizes non-violence
Buddhism: Founded by Gautama Buddha, focuses on ending suffering
Islam: Monotheistic religion founded by Prophet Muhammad
Sikhism: Founded by Guru Nanak, combines elements from Hinduism and Islam
Religious Movements
Bhakti Movement: Medieval devotional movement with saints like Kabir, Mirabai
Sufi Movement: Mystical Islamic tradition emphasizing direct experience of God
Unity in Diversity: Cultural synthesis and religious tolerance
Theme VI: Culture and Communication
Communication
Postal Services: Traditional mail delivery
Modern Communication: Mobile phones, email
Mass Communication: Media reaching large audiences
Print Media: Newspapers, magazines
Electronic Media: Radio, television
Social Media: Internet-based communication platforms
Culture and History
Historical Places in AP: Important monuments and tourist sites
Early Civilizations:
Indus Valley Civilization (2600-1900 BCE): Urban planning, trade
Vedic Period (1500-500 BCE): Development of early Hindu practices
Vedic Literature: Vedas, Upanishads, other texts
Indian Culture: Art, architecture, music, dance, literature
Languages: Linguistic diversity of India, language families
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100 Multiple Choice Questions on Social Studies Content
Theme I: Our Universe
What is the shape of the Earth? a) Perfectly spherical b) Flat disc c) Oblate spheroid d) Cube Answer: c) Oblate spheroid
Which theory explains the origin of the universe? a) Steady State theory b) Big Bang theory c) Oscillating Universe theory d) Creation theory Answer: b) Big Bang theory
Which planet is Earth in order of distance from the Sun? a) First b) Second c) Third d) Fourth Answer: c) Third
What are patterns of stars forming recognizable shapes called? a) Nebulae b) Galaxies c) Constellations d) Clusters Answer: c) Constellations
The imaginary horizontal lines measuring north-south position on Earth are called: a) Longitudes b) Latitudes c) Equator d) Prime Meridian Answer: b) Latitudes
Earth's rotation on its axis causes: a) Seasons b) Tides c) Day and night d) Eclipses Answer: c) Day and night
When day and night are of equal length, it is called: a) Solstice b) Equinox c) Eclipse d) Perihelion Answer: b) Equinox
When the Moon passes between Earth and Sun, it causes: a) Lunar eclipse b) Solar eclipse c) Equinox d) Solstice Answer: b) Solar eclipse
The innermost layer of the Earth is: a) Crust b) Mantle c) Outer core d) Inner core Answer: d) Inner core
The layer of Earth where life exists is called: a) Lithosphere b) Hydrosphere c) Atmosphere d) Biosphere Answer: d) Biosphere
Which of these is NOT a major landform? a) Mountains b) Plateaus c) Horizons d) Plains Answer: c) Horizons
The shifting cultivation practiced in hilly areas of Andhra Pradesh is known as: a) Terrace farming b) Podu cultivation c) Jhum cultivation d) Nomadic herding Answer: b) Podu cultivation
Which of these is NOT a type of forest? a) Tropical rainforests b) Deciduous forests c) Plateau forests d) Coniferous forests Answer: c) Plateau forests
The natural resource that refers to different types and textures of earth material is: a) Land b) Soil c) Water d) Minerals Answer: b) Soil
Theme II: Production Exchange and Livelihoods
Which of the following is NOT a reason for migration? a) Economic opportunities b) Natural disasters c) Similar climatic conditions d) Education Answer: c) Similar climatic conditions
A direct consequence of rapid rural-to-urban migration is: a) Increased agricultural production b) Decreased urban population c) Formation of slums d) Reduced pollution Answer: c) Formation of slums
Which of these is an example of a non-conventional power resource? a) Coal b) Petroleum c) Solar energy d) Natural gas Answer: c) Solar energy
The number of people per unit area is called: a) Population distribution b) Population density c) Population change d) Population composition Answer: b) Population density
Which is a type of subsistence agriculture? a) Plantation agriculture b) Shifting cultivation c) Mixed farming for market d) Commercial grain farming Answer: b) Shifting cultivation
Industries that process raw materials into finished goods are classified as: a) Primary b) Secondary c) Tertiary d) Quaternary Answer: b) Secondary
Wootz steel was historically associated with: a) The swords of Tipu Sultan b) British railway construction c) Mughal architecture d) Buddhist monasteries Answer: a) The swords of Tipu Sultan
Which of the following is considered a fundamental right related to basic necessities? a) Right to property b) Right to water c) Right to electricity d) Right to internet Answer: b) Right to water
A market where goods are sold in large quantities to retailers is called: a) Retail market b) Wholesale market c) Black market d) Virtual market Answer: b) Wholesale market
The interconnectedness of the world through transport and communication is referred to as: a) Urbanization b) Globalization c) Global village d) Metropolitan expansion Answer: c) Global village
Theme III: Political Systems and Governance
Which of these activities marks the transition from early nomadic life to settled lifestyle? a) Hunting and gathering b) Agriculture and animal domestication c) Cave dwelling d) Tribal warfare Answer: b) Agriculture and animal domestication
Belum Caves and rock paintings are evidence of: a) Medieval architecture b) Colonial settlements c) Early human habitation d) Religious centers Answer: c) Early human habitation
Which ancient Indian empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya? a) Gupta Empire b) Mauryan Empire c) Vijayanagara Empire d) Satavahana Dynasty Answer: b) Mauryan Empire
The Kakatiyas ruled parts of what modern states? a) Punjab and Haryana b) Kerala and Tamil Nadu c) Andhra Pradesh and Telangana d) Gujarat and Rajasthan Answer: c) Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
In a democracy, power is ultimately held by: a) The monarch b) The military c) The people d) The aristocracy Answer: c) The people
The Parliament of India consists of: a) Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha b) Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha c) Rajya Sabha and Vidhan Parishad d) President and Prime Minister Answer: b) Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
Which of these is NOT a branch of government in India? a) Legislature b) Executive c) Judiciary d) Bureaucracy Answer: d) Bureaucracy
The Bhopal Gas Tragedy is associated with: a) Industrial safety laws b) Water pollution c) Nuclear radiation d) Deforestation Answer: a) Industrial safety laws
The Battle of Plassey in 1757 is significant because: a) It ended the Mughal Empire b) It began British political control in India c) It united all Indian kingdoms d) It established the Indian National Congress Answer: b) It began British political control in India
The "Doctrine of Lapse" was introduced by: a) Robert Clive b) Warren Hastings c) Lord Dalhousie d) Lord Cornwallis Answer: c) Lord Dalhousie
The "Blue Rebellion" was associated with: a) Naval mutiny b) Indigo cultivation c) Water rights d) Kashmir uprising Answer: b) Indigo cultivation
Who among the following was a tribal leader who fought against British rule? a) Mangal Pandey b) Birsa Munda c) Bhagat Singh d) Tipu Sultan Answer: b) Birsa Munda
The Salt March of 1930 was led by: a) Jawaharlal Nehru b) Subhas Chandra Bose c) Mahatma Gandhi d) B.R. Ambedkar Answer: c) Mahatma Gandhi
The Quit India Movement was launched in: a) 1920 b) 1930 c) 1942 d) 1947 Answer: c) 1942
After independence, Indian states were reorganized primarily on the basis of: a) Religion b) Language c) Size d) Population Answer: b) Language
Economic development in post-independence India was guided by: a) Five-Year Plans b) Ten-Year Plans c) Annual Plans d) Quarterly Plans Answer: a) Five-Year Plans
Theme IV: Social Organization and Inequities
Which article of the Indian Constitution abolishes untouchability? a) Article 14 b) Article 15 c) Article 17 d) Article 21 Answer: c) Article 17
Reservation policies in India are examples of: a) Punishment for discrimination b) Remedial measures for equality c) Economic reforms d) International obligations Answer: b) Remedial measures for equality
"Gulamgiri" was a critique of the caste system written by: a) B.R. Ambedkar b) Mahatma Gandhi c) Jyotirao Phule d) Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Answer: c) Jyotirao Phule
The practice of widow remarriage in India was advocated by: a) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar b) Swami Vivekananda c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy d) Dayanand Saraswati Answer: a) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
The Non-Brahmin Movement was primarily a challenge to: a) British colonial rule b) Religious orthodoxy c) Brahminical dominance d) Muslim influence Answer: c) Brahminical dominance
The SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act was passed in: a) 1976 b) 1989 c) 1995 d) 2002 Answer: b) 1989
"Adivasi" refers to: a) Urban poor b) Religious minorities c) Tribal communities d) Immigrant populations Answer: c) Tribal communities
Which of the following is NOT a recognized religious minority in India? a) Muslims b) Christians c) Sikhs d) Hindus Answer: d) Hindus
The term "marginalization" refers to: a) Central positioning in society b) Political representation c) Exclusion from mainstream society d) Economic empowerment Answer: c) Exclusion from mainstream society
Which constitutional article provides for special provisions for advancement of socially and educationally backward classes? a) Article 14 b) Article 15(4) c) Article 19 d) Article 21 Answer: b) Article 15(4)
Theme V: Religion and Society
Which religion was founded by Mahavira? a) Buddhism b) Jainism c) Sikhism d) Hinduism Answer: b) Jainism
The founder of Buddhism was: a) Mahavira b) Guru Nanak c) Gautama Buddha d) Prophet Muhammad Answer: c) Gautama Buddha
Which religion emphasizes the Five Pillars including Shahada and Salat? a) Hinduism b) Buddhism c) Christianity d) Islam Answer: d) Islam
The concept of "Unity in Diversity" in Indian context refers to: a) Political uniformity despite regional differences b) Cultural synthesis and religious tolerance c) Linguistic homogeneity d) Economic equality Answer: b) Cultural synthesis and religious tolerance
The Bhakti movement emphasized: a) Strict adherence to rituals b) Caste distinctions c) Personal devotion to God d) Military training Answer: c) Personal devotion to God
Which of the following is NOT associated with the Sufi movement? a) Mysticism b) Direct experience of God c) Idol worship d) Universal brotherhood Answer: c) Idol worship
Which Bhakti saint is known for composing poems expressing devotion to Krishna? a) Kabir b) Mirabai c) Tulsidas d) Namdev Answer: b) Mirabai
The concept of "Nirvana" is central to which religion? a) Hinduism b) Islam c) Buddhism d) Sikhism Answer: c) Buddhism
Theme VI: Culture and Communication
Which of the following is an example of mass communication? a) Personal letter b) Private phone call c) Television broadcast d) Face-to-face conversation Answer: c) Television broadcast
Social media is characterized by: a) One-way communication b) Internet-based interactive platforms c) Limited audience reach d) Government control Answer: b) Internet-based interactive platforms
The Indus Valley Civilization existed approximately during: a) 7000-5000 BCE b) 5000-3000 BCE c) 2600-1900 BCE d) 1000-500 BCE Answer: c) 2600-1900 BCE
The Vedic period is approximately dated to: a) 3000-2000 BCE b) 2000-1000 BCE c) 1500-500 BCE d) 500 BCE-500 CE Answer: c) 1500-500 BCE
Which of the following is NOT part of Vedic literature? a) Vedas b) Upanishads c) Puranas d) Quran Answer: d) Quran
Which language family is most widely spoken in India? a) Dravidian b) Indo-European c) Austro-Asiatic d) Tibeto-Burman Answer: b) Indo-European
Additional Questions
The Panchayati Raj system in India is an example of: a) Central government b) State government c) Local self-government d) Judicial system Answer: c) Local self-government
The Interior of the Earth consists of how many layers? a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five Answer: c) Four
Which of the following is a conventional power resource? a) Solar energy b) Wind energy c) Coal d) Tidal energy Answer: c) Coal
The main cause of deforestation in tribal areas of India has been: a) Tribal hunting practices b) Commercial logging and development projects c) Natural forest fires d) Climate change Answer: b) Commercial logging and development projects
Which of the following was NOT a Mahajanapada? a) Magadha b) Kosala c) Vijayanagara d) Avanti Answer: c) Vijayanagara
The Ryotwari settlement system was introduced by: a) Warren Hastings b) Lord Cornwallis c) Thomas Munro d) Lord Wellesley Answer: c) Thomas Munro
The partition of India resulted in the creation of: a) India and Nepal b) India and Pakistan c) India and Bangladesh d) India and Sri Lanka Answer: b) India and Pakistan
The Constitution of India was adopted on: a) August 15, 1947 b) January 26, 1950 c) November 26, 1949 d) October 2, 1950 Answer: c) November 26, 1949
The vertical lines measuring east-west position on Earth are called: a) Latitudes b) Longitudes c) Equator d) Tropics Answer: b) Longitudes
Which of the following is a factor affecting population distribution? a) Only climate b) Only economic opportunities c) Only political boundaries d) Climate, economic opportunities, and other geographic factors Answer: d) Climate, economic opportunities, and other geographic factors
The Supreme Court of India is located in: a) Mumbai b) Kolkata c) New Delhi d) Chennai Answer: c) New Delhi
The "Diwani System" established by the British referred to: a) Political administration b) Collection of revenue c) Judicial system d) Military organization Answer: b) Collection of revenue
Which of the following is NOT a major atmospheric layer? a) Troposphere b) Stratosphere c) Lithosphere d) Mesosphere Answer: c) Lithosphere
Consumer Protection laws primarily aim to: a) Increase business profits b) Protect consumers from unfair trade practices c) Restrict consumer choices d) Promote only domestic products Answer: b) Protect consumers from unfair trade practices
The process of change in population due to births, deaths, and migration is called: a) Population distribution b) Population density c) Population change d) Population composition Answer: c) Population change
Which of the following dynasties ruled during the "Golden Age" of ancient India? a) Maurya b) Gupta c) Satavahana d) Chola Answer: b) Gupta
The Revolt of 1857 is also known as: a) Quit India Movement b) Civil Disobedience Movement c) First War of Independence d) Non-Cooperation Movement Answer: c) First War of Independence
Which Indian leader is associated with the "Doctrine of Non-violence"? a) Subhas Chandra Bose b) Jawaharlal Nehru c) Mahatma Gandhi d) Bhagat Singh Answer: c) Mahatma Gandhi
The right to equality in India is guaranteed by: a) Article 14-18 b) Article 19-22 c) Article 23-24 d) Article 25-28 Answer: a) Article 14-18
The term "Secularism" in the Indian context means: a) Anti-religious policies b) Equal respect for all religions c) Promotion of atheism d) State religion Answer: b) Equal respect for all religions
Which of the following is a primary cause of air pollution? a) Water contamination b) Soil erosion c) Vehicle emissions d) Deforestation Answer: c) Vehicle emissions
The Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens were added to the Constitution by: a) 42nd Amendment b) 44th Amendment c) 73rd Amendment d) 86th Amendment Answer: a) 42nd Amendment
Which among the following is NOT a component of environment? a) Lithosphere b) Hydrosphere c) Technosphere d) Atmosphere Answer: c) Technosphere
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment is related to: a) Fundamental Rights b) Panchayati Raj c) Judicial Review d) Right to Education Answer: b) Panchayati Raj
The British education policy in India aimed at: a) Promoting traditional Indian knowledge b) "Civilizing the Native" according to Western standards c) Universal education for all Indians d) Technical education only Answer: b) "Civilizing the Native" according to Western standards
When the Earth passes between the Sun and Moon, it causes: a) Solar eclipse b) Lunar eclipse c) Equinox d) Solstice Answer: b) Lunar eclipse
Road safety measures include: a) Following traffic rules b) Using mobile phones while driving c) Ignoring traffic signals d) Overcrowding vehicles Answer: a) Following traffic rules
The main function of the biosphere is: a) Sustaining life b) Controlling weather c) Creating mountains d) Producing minerals Answer: a) Sustaining life
Shifting cultivation is harmful because it causes: a) Soil fertility b) Deforestation c) Increased rainfall d) Urbanization Answer: b) Deforestation
Which of the following is a fundamental right? a) Right to work b) Right against exploitation c) Right to property d) Right to free medical care Answer: b) Right against exploitation
The system where farmers directly paid revenue to the government was: a) Zamindari system b) Mahalwari system c) Ryotwari system d) Jagirdari system Answer: c) Ryotwari system
Which among the following is NOT a branch of the criminal justice system? a) Police b) Public Prosecutor c) Judge d) Media Answer: d) Media
Which among the following affects the climate of a region? a) Latitude b) Distance from sea c) Altitude d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above
The East India Company established power in India through: a) Direct invasion b) Religious conversion c) Gradual transition from trade to territory d) Democratic elections Answer: c) Gradual transition from trade to territory
Which of the following is considered a non-metallic mineral? a) Iron b) Copper c) Limestone d) Gold Answer: c) Limestone
The Constituent Assembly that drafted India's Constitution was formed based on: a) Direct election by all Indians b) Plan proposed by the Cabinet Mission c) Selection by the British government d) Nomination by princely states Answer: b) Plan proposed by the Cabinet Mission