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Study Notes: Social Studies (Class VI to Intermediate)

GEOGRAPHY

General Geography and Earth Systems

  • Definition and Scope of Geography: An integrating discipline connecting physical, biological, and social sciences with spatial dimensions

  • Solar System:

    • Origin and evolution

    • Earth's rotation (day/night) and revolution (seasons)

    • Coordinate system: Latitudes and longitudes

    • Time concepts: Standard time and International Date Line

  • Earth's Structure:

    • Interior layers (crust, mantle, core)

    • Wegner's theory of continental drift

    • Major rock types and characteristics

Geomorphology

  • Major Landforms: Mountains, plateaus, plains

  • Geomorphic Processes:

    • Weathering: Physical and chemical processes

    • Erosional landforms: Created by wind and river action

    • Depositional landforms: Created by wind and river deposition

Climatology

  • Atmospheric Composition and Structure

  • Climate Elements: Temperature, pressure, winds, precipitation

  • Insolation: Solar radiation and heat budget

  • Temperature Distribution: Vertical and horizontal patterns

  • Pressure and Wind Systems:

    • Global pressure belts

    • Planetary, seasonal, and local winds

  • Precipitation: Forms and types (convectional, orographic, cyclonic)

Biogeography

  • Global Biomes: Equatorial, tropical, temperate zones

  • Biodiversity and Conservation

  • Ecosystem Concepts: Structure and ecological balance

Oceanography and Hydrology

  • Ocean Floor Divisions: Continental shelf, slope, deep-sea plains, ocean deeps

  • Ocean Temperature and Salinity: Distribution patterns

  • Ocean Movements: Waves, tides, currents

  • Hydrological Cycle: Precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration, runoff, infiltration

  • Natural Hazards: Floods, droughts, cyclones, tsunamis, earthquakes, landslides

  • Global Warming: Causes and consequences

  • Disaster Management in India

Human Geography

  • Population: Growth factors, density, distribution

  • Human Activities: Primary, secondary, tertiary sectors

  • Resources: Classification and conservation

  • Agriculture:

    • Food crops: Rice, wheat

    • Non-food crops: Cotton, sugarcane

    • Plantation crops: Rubber, tea, coffee

  • Minerals and Industries:

    • Mineral types: Metallic (iron), non-metallic (bauxite), fuel minerals (coal, petroleum)

    • Industry location factors and types

    • Major industry categories: Agro-based, forest-based, mineral-based, chemical-based

  • Transportation:

    • Types: Roadways, railways, waterways, airways

    • Major ports and transportation networks

Indian Geography

  • Physical Features: Northern mountains, Indo-Gangetic plains, Peninsular plateau, coastal plains

  • River Systems:

    • Perennial: Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra

    • Non-perennial: Narmada, Tapati, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, Cauvery

  • Climate of India: Seasonal patterns of temperature, rainfall, pressure

  • Natural Vegetation: Types based on rainfall distribution

  • Soils: Formation factors, types, distribution

  • Population: Growth trends, distribution, density

  • Irrigation Systems: Canals, wells, tanks, multipurpose projects

  • Agriculture: Production and distribution of major crops

  • Minerals and Industries: Distribution and production patterns

  • Transportation: Infrastructure and major ports

  • Andhra Pradesh Geography: Location, physiography, climate, population

HISTORY

Introduction to History

  • Definition and Scope

  • Historiography: Methods of historical research

  • Historical Sources

  • Relationship with other Social Sciences

  • Impact of Geography on History

  • Relevance of History

Ancient Civilizations

  • Pre-Harappan Cultures

  • Harappan Civilization: Script, town planning, society, economy, culture

  • Vedic Age and Post-Vedic Culture

Early States and Empires

  • 16 Mahajanapadas

  • Rise of Magadha

  • Early Economy and Agriculture

  • Urbanization

Early Societies and Religious Movements

  • Social Structures and Differences

  • Religious Movements: Jainism, Buddhism

  • Other Sects: Ajjivikas and Lokayats

Indian History (3rd-7th Century CE)

  • Major Dynasties: Mauryas, Kushanas, Guptas, Pushyabhuties

  • Origin of Feudalism

  • Political, Social, Economic, and Cultural Developments

Deccan and South India (to 8th Century CE)

  • Sangam Age

  • Major Dynasties: Satavahanas, Pallavas, Chalukyas, Rastrakutas, Cholas

  • Political, Social, Economic, and Cultural Patterns

Delhi Sultanate

  • Arab and Turkish Invasions

  • Delhi Sultanate Period

  • Traveler Accounts as Historical Sources

  • Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Developments

Mughal Empire

  • Chronicles and Sources

  • Mughal Rulers: Babur to Aurangzeb

  • Administration and Culture

  • Disintegration and Rise of Marathas and Sikhs

Religious Movements (8th-16th Century CE)

  • Bhakti Tradition: Saints and teachings

  • Sufi Movement: Features and impact

  • Religious Traditions and Social Beliefs

Medieval Deccan and South India (8th-16th Century CE)

  • Kakatiyas, Vijayanagara, Bahamanis

  • Qutbshahis and Asafjahis

Colonial India

  • European Trading Companies: Portuguese, Dutch, French, English

  • East India Company: Expansion and policies

  • Governor Generals and Viceroys: Reforms and policies

  • 1857 Rebellion

Indian National Movement

  • Socio-religious Movements

  • Rise of Nationalism

  • Major Movements: Vandemataram, Home Rule

  • Gandhian Era

  • Revolutionary Movement and Subhash Chandra Bose

  • Poona Pact and Quit India Movement

  • Partition and Independence

Modern World History

  • Renaissance and Scientific Revolution

  • Reformation Movement

  • Rise of Nation-States

  • Capitalism and Industrial Revolution

  • Revolutionary Movements: Glorious Revolution, French Revolution

  • Nationalist Movements: Napoleon, Unification of Germany and Italy

  • Socialist Movements and Working Class

  • Imperialism: Factors, methods, colonization of Africa and Asia

  • World Wars: Causes and consequences

  • Russian Revolution

  • Fascism, Nazism, and Militarism

  • Post-War World: Military blocks, nationalist movements, UNO

  • Cold War and Non-Alignment

  • Prominent World Personalities

CIVICS/POLITICAL SCIENCE

Fundamentals of Political Science

  • Meaning and Definition: Evolution of political science

  • Scope and Significance

State and Nation

  • State: Elements and relationship with other institutions

  • Nationalism: Meaning, forms, factors contributing to nationality

Core Political Concepts

  • Law: Meaning, types, relationship with morality, rule of law

  • Liberty and Equality: Types and safeguards

  • Rights and Responsibilities: Relationship and human rights

  • Justice: Forms and social justice

  • Citizenship: Acquisition methods, rights, duties

  • Democracy: Features, types, merits, future

  • Secularism: Western and Indian models

Forms of Government

  • Constitution: Features and classification

  • Government Types: Unitary, federal, parliamentary, presidential

  • Separation of Powers

  • Organs of Government

Indian Constitution

  • Historical Development: Government of India Acts

  • Features of Indian Constitution

  • Fundamental Rights and Duties

  • Directive Principles of State Policy

Union Government

  • Executive: President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers

  • Parliament: Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, functions and powers

  • Parliamentary Committees

  • Judiciary: Supreme Court, judicial review

State Government

  • Executive: Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers

  • Legislature: Assembly, Council, committees

  • Judiciary: High Court, District Courts

Federal Structure

  • Union-State Relations: Legislative, administrative, financial

Local Government

  • Rural: Panchayati Raj Institutions, 73rd Amendment

  • Urban: Municipalities, Municipal Corporations, 74th Amendment

  • District Administration

International Relations

  • India's Foreign Policy: Determinants and features

  • SAARC

  • United Nations: Origins, organs, achievements, failures

Contemporary Issues

  • Globalization

  • Terrorism

  • Corruption

ECONOMICS

Introduction to Economics

  • Definitions: Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, Lionel Robbins, Paul Samuelson, Jacob Viner

  • Concepts: Micro and macro economics, methods of analysis

  • Basic Economic Terms: Goods, wealth, utility, value, price, wants, welfare

Consumer Theory

  • Utility Approaches: Cardinal and ordinal utility

  • Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

  • Law of Equi-Marginal Utility

  • Indifference Curve Analysis

Demand Theory

  • Demand Function and Determinants

  • Law of Demand and Exceptions

  • Types of Demand: Price, income, cross demand

  • Elasticity of Demand: Types and measurement methods

Production Theory

  • Production Function and Factors

  • Laws of Returns: Variable proportions, returns to scale

  • Economies of Scale

  • Supply: Function, determinants, law

  • Cost Analysis: Fixed, variable, total, average, marginal

  • Revenue Analysis: Perfect and imperfect competition

Market Structures

  • Perfect Competition: Features and price determination

  • Monopoly: Price determination and discrimination

  • Monopolistic Competition

  • Oligopoly and Duopoly

Distribution Theory

  • Factor Pricing: Marginal productivity theory

  • Rent: Ricardian theory, modern theory, quasi-rent

  • Wages: Money and real wages

  • Interest: Gross and net interest

  • Profit: Gross and net profit

Macroeconomics

  • National Income: Definitions, measurement methods, problems

  • Employment Theories: Classical (Say's Law), Keynesian (Effective Demand)

  • Public Economics: Revenue, expenditure, debt, budget

Money and Banking

  • Money: Functions and types

  • Banking: Commercial and central banking functions

  • RBI Functions

  • Inflation: Types, causes, effects, remedies

Statistics for Economics

  • Diagrams: Bar and pie diagrams

  • Central Tendency: Mean, median, mode

  • Dispersion Measures

  • Correlation and Index Numbers

Economic Development

  • Growth vs. Development

  • Country Classification and Indicators

  • Characteristics of Developed and Developing Countries

Population and Human Resources

  • Demographic Transition Theory

  • Population Growth in India

  • Human Resource Development

  • Human Development Index

Indian Economy

  • National Income Trends

  • Income Distribution and Inequalities

  • Unemployment and Poverty

  • Microfinance

Agriculture in India

  • Features and Importance

  • Land Utilization and Cropping Patterns

  • Land Reforms and Green Revolution

  • Rural Credit and Marketing

Industrial Sector

  • Industrial Policies: 1948, 1956, 1991

  • National Manufacturing Policy

  • Foreign Direct Investment and SEZs

  • Small Scale Enterprises

  • Industrial Finance and Development

Tertiary Sector

  • Services Sector Importance

  • Infrastructure Development

  • Banking, Insurance, Tourism

  • Science and Technology

  • Software Industry

Planning and Economic Reforms

  • Five Year Plans

  • NITI Aayog

  • Regional Imbalances

  • Economic Reforms

  • GATT and WTO

Environmental Economics

  • Sustainable Development

  • Environmental-Economic Linkages

Andhra Pradesh Economy

  • Historical Development

  • Demographic and Economic Features

  • Sectoral Analysis: Agriculture, industry, services

  • Welfare Programs

These study notes cover the major topics from your syllabus. Each section summarizes key concepts that should be understood for a comprehensive grasp of the Social Studies curriculum from Class VI to Intermediate level.

100 Multiple Choice Questions with Answers

Geography

  1. Which of the following is NOT a branch of Geography? a) Physical Geography b) Biological Geography c) Chemical Geography d) Human Geography

    Answer: c) Chemical Geography

  2. Which theory explains the movement of continents over time? a) Plate Tectonic Theory b) Wegner's Theory of Continental Drift c) Big Bang Theory d) Nebular Hypothesis

    Answer: b) Wegner's Theory of Continental Drift

  3. What are the movements of the earth called? a) Revolution and Rotation b) Circulation and Revolution c) Rotation and Circulation d) Precession and Rotation

    Answer: a) Revolution and Rotation

  4. Which of the following is NOT a major landform? a) Mountains b) Plateaus c) Rivers d) Plains

    Answer: c) Rivers

  5. Which type of rainfall occurs when air rises after being heated? a) Orographic b) Cyclonic c) Convectional d) Frontal

    Answer: c) Convectional

  6. What are the divisions of the ocean floor? a) Continental shelf, Continental slope, Deep Sea plains and Ocean deeps b) Continental margins, Ocean ridges, Ocean trenches c) Abyssal plains, Ocean ridges, Ocean valleys d) Continental shelf, Ocean plateau, Oceanic ridges

    Answer: a) Continental shelf, Continental slope, Deep Sea plains and Ocean deeps

  7. Which of the following is NOT an element of the hydrological cycle? a) Precipitation b) Evaporation c) Erosion d) Infiltration

    Answer: c) Erosion

  8. Which of the following is a non-perennial river in India? a) Indus b) Ganges c) Godavari d) Brahmaputra

    Answer: c) Godavari

  9. Which of the following is a primary activity? a) Manufacturing b) Agriculture c) Transportation d) Communication

    Answer: b) Agriculture

  10. Which of the following is a plantation crop? a) Rice b) Wheat c) Rubber d) Sugarcane

    Answer: c) Rubber

History

  1. What is the name of the script used in Harappan Civilization? a) Brahmi b) Indus Script c) Kharosthi d) Sanskrit

    Answer: b) Indus Script

  2. Which of the following is NOT one of the 16 Mahajanapadas? a) Magadha b) Kashi c) Harappa d) Kosala

    Answer: c) Harappa

  3. Who was the founder of Buddhism? a) Mahavira b) Gautama Buddha c) Chandragupta Maurya d) Ashoka

    Answer: b) Gautama Buddha

  4. During which period did feudalism originate in India? a) Maurya period b) Gupta period c) 3rd to 7th Century A.D. d) Sangam Age

    Answer: c) 3rd to 7th Century A.D.

  5. Which dynasty ruled in South India during the Sangam age? a) Mauryas b) Satavahanas c) Guptas d) Kushanas

    Answer: b) Satavahanas

  6. Who among the following was NOT a Mughal emperor? a) Babur b) Humayun c) Shershah d) Iltutmish

    Answer: d) Iltutmish

  7. The 1857 revolt is also known as: a) First War of Independence b) Sepoy Mutiny c) Both a and b d) None of the above

    Answer: c) Both a and b

  8. Who was associated with the Bhakti Movement? a) Akbar b) Kabir c) Ashoka d) Gandhi

    Answer: b) Kabir

  9. Which of the following was NOT a governor-general of British India? a) Warren Hastings b) Lord Cornwallis c) Lord Dalhousie d) Mahatma Gandhi

    Answer: d) Mahatma Gandhi

  10. The Quit India Movement was launched in which year? a) 1930 b) 1940 c) 1942 d) 1947

    Answer: c) 1942

Civics/Political Science

  1. Which of the following is NOT an element of the State? a) Population b) Territory c) Government d) Religion

    Answer: d) Religion

  2. The concept of "Rule of Law" means: a) Law is supreme b) Everyone is equal before law c) No one is above the law d) All of the above

    Answer: d) All of the above

  3. Which of the following is NOT a type of liberty? a) Natural b) Civil c) Political d) Administrative

    Answer: d) Administrative

  4. What is the meaning of "Secularism" in the Indian context? a) Anti-religious b) Equal respect for all religions c) Freedom from religion d) State has no religion

    Answer: b) Equal respect for all religions

  5. Which of the following is NOT a method of acquiring citizenship? a) Birth b) Descent c) Naturalization d) Education

    Answer: d) Education

  6. The President of India is elected by: a) Direct election by people b) Indirect election by electoral college c) Appointed by Prime Minister d) Appointed by Chief Justice of India

    Answer: b) Indirect election by electoral college

  7. The Lok Sabha is also known as: a) Council of States b) House of the People c) Upper House d) Council of Ministers

    Answer: b) House of the People

  8. Who appoints the Governor of a state? a) Chief Minister b) President of India c) Prime Minister d) Chief Justice of High Court

    Answer: b) President of India

  9. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act deals with: a) Urban Local Government b) Rural Local Government c) Union-State Relations d) Fundamental Rights

    Answer: b) Rural Local Government

  10. SAARC stands for: a) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation b) South Asian Agreement for Regional Collaboration c) South Asian Alliance for Regional Coordination d) South Asian Association for Regional Communication

    Answer: a) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

Economics

  1. Who defined Economics as "Science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses"? a) Adam Smith b) Alfred Marshall c) Lionel Robbins d) Paul Samuelson

    Answer: c) Lionel Robbins

  2. The law of Diminishing Marginal Utility explains: a) As more units of a good are consumed, the utility from each additional unit increases b) As more units of a good are consumed, the utility from each additional unit decreases c) As more units of a good are consumed, the utility remains constant d) None of the above

    Answer: b) As more units of a good are consumed, the utility from each additional unit decreases

  3. The law of demand states that: a) Price and quantity demanded are directly related b) Price and quantity demanded are inversely related c) Price and quantity supplied are inversely related d) Price and quantity supplied are directly related

    Answer: b) Price and quantity demanded are inversely related

  4. Which of the following is NOT a method of measuring price elasticity of demand? a) Point Method b) Arc Method c) Total Outlay Method d) Marginal Utility Method

    Answer: d) Marginal Utility Method

  5. The law of variable proportions is associated with: a) Long-run production function b) Short-run production function c) Both a and b d) None of the above

    Answer: b) Short-run production function

  6. Perfect competition is characterized by: a) Single seller b) Few sellers c) Large number of sellers and buyers d) Product differentiation

    Answer: c) Large number of sellers and buyers

  7. The Ricardian theory is associated with: a) Wages b) Rent c) Interest d) Profit

    Answer: b) Rent

  8. Which of the following is NOT a method of measuring National Income? a) Census of Product Method b) Census of Income Method c) Census of Expenditure Method d) Census of Population Method

    Answer: d) Census of Population Method

  9. Who propounded the "Law of Markets"? a) J.B. Say b) Adam Smith c) J.M. Keynes d) David Ricardo

    Answer: a) J.B. Say

  10. Inflation means: a) General decrease in price level b) General increase in price level c) Stability in price level d) None of the above

    Answer: b) General increase in price level

General Questions

  1. Diversity on the Earth includes: a) Only physical features b) Only biological features c) Physical, biological, and social diversity d) Only social diversity

    Answer: c) Physical, biological, and social diversity

  2. Latitudes and Longitudes are used for: a) Measuring ocean depth b) Measuring mountain height c) Locating places on Earth d) Measuring atmosphere

    Answer: c) Locating places on Earth

  3. Which of the following is a non-conventional power resource? a) Coal b) Natural Gas c) Solar Energy d) Petroleum

    Answer: c) Solar Energy

  4. Human Development Index (HDI) was developed by: a) World Bank b) UNDP c) IMF d) WTO

    Answer: b) UNDP

  5. Which of the following is NOT a component of Environment? a) Lithosphere b) Hydrosphere c) Atmosphere d) Technosphere

    Answer: d) Technosphere

  6. Forests in AP are characterized by: a) Only evergreen forests b) Only deciduous forests c) Different types of forests d) No forests

    Answer: c) Different types of forests

  7. Podu cultivation is associated with: a) Shifting cultivation b) Permanent cultivation c) Plantation cultivation d) Intensive cultivation

    Answer: a) Shifting cultivation

  8. Which of the following is NOT a conventional symbol used in maps? a) Blue color for water bodies b) Brown color for contours c) Red color for settlements d) Yellow color for vegetation

    Answer: d) Yellow color for vegetation

  9. The Constitution of India was adopted on: a) 15th August 1947 b) 26th January 1950 c) 26th November 1949 d) 2nd October 1948

    Answer: c) 26th November 1949

  10. Which Article of the Indian Constitution abolishes untouchability? a) Article 14 b) Article 15 c) Article 17 d) Article 21

    Answer: c) Article 17

  11. Green Revolution in India is associated with: a) Forestry b) High-yielding varieties of wheat and rice c) Growing green vegetables d) Environmental conservation

    Answer: b) High-yielding varieties of wheat and rice

  12. The monsoon season in India is characterized by: a) Hot and dry weather b) Cold and dry weather c) Hot and humid weather with rainfall d) Cold and humid weather

    Answer: c) Hot and humid weather with rainfall

  13. Which of the following rivers originates in the Himalayas? a) Narmada b) Tapati c) Ganges d) Cauvery

    Answer: c) Ganges

  14. Biodiversity refers to: a) Different types of biological species in an area b) Different types of ecosystems c) Genetic diversity within species d) All of the above

    Answer: d) All of the above

  15. The concept of "Sustainable Development" aims at: a) Maximum economic development b) Environmental conservation only c) Meeting present needs without compromising future d) Rapid industrialization

    Answer: c) Meeting present needs without compromising future

  16. Which of the following is NOT a fundamental right in India? a) Right to Equality b) Right to Freedom c) Right to Property d) Right to Constitutional Remedies

    Answer: c) Right to Property

  17. The Indus Valley Civilization existed during: a) 2500-1500 BCE b) 1500-500 BCE c) 500 BCE-500 CE d) 500-1500 CE

    Answer: a) 2500-1500 BCE

  18. Who was the first Governor-General of Independent India? a) Lord Mountbatten b) C. Rajagopalachari c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad d) Jawaharlal Nehru

    Answer: b) C. Rajagopalachari

  19. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1991 is associated with: a) Liberalization b) Nationalization c) Privatization d) Both a and c

    Answer: d) Both a and c

  20. Who among the following is known as the "Father of Indian Constitution"? a) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar b) Jawaharlal Nehru c) Mahatma Gandhi d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

    Answer: a) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

  21. Which of the following is a feature of the Parliamentary form of government? a) Separation of powers b) Fusion of powers c) Fixed tenure of the executive d) President as the head of government

    Answer: b) Fusion of powers

  22. Nazism was associated with: a) Italy b) Germany c) Japan d) Russia

    Answer: b) Germany

  23. The French Revolution took place in: a) 1689 b) 1789 c) 1889 d) 1989

    Answer: b) 1789

  24. The Industrial Revolution first began in: a) France b) Germany c) England d) United States

    Answer: c) England

  25. The Russian Revolution occurred in: a) 1905 b) 1915 c) 1917 d) 1925

    Answer: c) 1917

  26. The Cold War was a period of tension between: a) US and USSR b) US and UK c) USSR and China d) US and Japan

    Answer: a) US and USSR

  27. Which organization replaced the League of Nations? a) United Nations Organization b) World Trade Organization c) International Monetary Fund d) World Bank

    Answer: a) United Nations Organization

  28. The Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by: a) Warren Hastings b) Lord Wellesley c) Lord Dalhousie d) Lord Curzon

    Answer: c) Lord Dalhousie

  29. Who led the Blue Rebellion? a) Jhansi Rani b) Tantia Tope c) Indian Indigo farmers d) Mangal Pandey

    Answer: c) Indian Indigo farmers

  30. The Dandi March was led by: a) Jawaharlal Nehru b) Mahatma Gandhi c) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel d) Subhash Chandra Bose

    Answer: b) Mahatma Gandhi

  31. NITI Aayog replaced: a) Finance Commission b) Planning Commission c) National Development Council d) Election Commission

    Answer: b) Planning Commission

  32. Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are established for: a) Promoting exports b) Promoting imports c) Agricultural development d) Rural development

    Answer: a) Promoting exports

  33. Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency? a) Mean b) Median c) Mode d) Range

    Answer: d) Range

  34. The Lorenz Curve is used to measure: a) Income inequality b) Population growth c) Price elasticity d) National income

    Answer: a) Income inequality

  35. Who propounded the theory of Demographic Transition? a) Adam Smith b) Warren Thompson c) Thomas Malthus d) Karl Marx

    Answer: b) Warren Thompson

  36. What type of forest is found in areas with heavy rainfall throughout the year? a) Deciduous forest b) Evergreen forest c) Scrub forest d) Thorny forest

    Answer: b) Evergreen forest

  37. The equator is represented by which latitude? a) 0° b) 90° North c) 90° South d) 180°

    Answer: a) 0°

  38. Which of the following is NOT a Climatic Control? a) Latitude b) Altitude c) Distance from sea d) Population

    Answer: d) Population

  39. Which of the following is a factor of soil formation? a) Parent material b) Time c) Climate d) All of the above

    Answer: d) All of the above

  40. The most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere is: a) Oxygen b) Carbon dioxide c) Nitrogen d) Helium

    Answer: c) Nitrogen

  41. Ocean salinity is measured in: a) Parts per thousand b) Parts per million c) Percentage d) Grams per liter

    Answer: a) Parts per thousand

  42. Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing temperature distribution? a) Latitude b) Altitude c) Population density d) Ocean currents

    Answer: c) Population density

  43. The Second Five Year Plan in India focused on: a) Agriculture b) Heavy industries c) Education d) Health

    Answer: b) Heavy industries

  44. J.M. Keynes is associated with: a) Theory of Effective Demand b) Law of Markets c) Theory of Comparative Advantage d) Quantity Theory of Money

    Answer: a) Theory of Effective Demand

  45. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to: a) Investment by foreigners in stock market b) Investment by foreign governments c) Investment by foreign companies in physical assets d) Foreign aid

    Answer: c) Investment by foreign companies in physical assets

  46. The main function of the Reserve Bank of India is: a) Accepting deposits from public b) Lending to public c) Monetary policy management d) Providing insurance

    Answer: c) Monetary policy management

  47. Census in India is conducted every: a) 5 years b) 10 years c) 15 years d) 20 years

    Answer: b) 10 years

  48. Which of the following is NOT a component of the Budget? a) Revenue receipts b) Capital receipts c) Revenue expenditure d) Market expenditure

    Answer: d) Market expenditure

  49. The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act deals with: a) Rural Local Government b) Urban Local Government c) Union-State Relations d) Fundamental Rights

    Answer: b) Urban Local Government

  50. The Supreme Court of India consists of: a) Chief Justice and 30 judges b) Chief Justice and 33 judges c) Chief Justice and 25 judges d) Chief Justice and 22 judges

    Answer: b) Chief Justice and 33 judges

  51. Which of the following periods is known as the Vedic Age? a) 2500-1500 BCE b) 1500-600 BCE c) 600 BCE-200 BCE d) 200 BCE-300 CE

    Answer: b) 1500-600 BCE

  52. Birsa Munda led a tribal revolt against: a) Portuguese b) French c) British d) Dutch

    Answer: c) British

  53. RTI stands for: a) Right to Information b) Right to Inquiry c) Right to Investigation d) Right to Inspection

    Answer: a) Right to Information

  54. Which of the following is NOT a Fundamental Duty in the Indian Constitution? a) To respect the National Flag and National Anthem b) To protect and improve the natural environment c) To vote in elections d) To develop scientific temper

    Answer: c) To vote in elections

  55. The 1905 revolution took place in: a) France b) Russia c) Germany d) Japan

    Answer: b) Russia

  56. Which of the following is a biome found in the Equatorial zone? a) Tundra b) Tropical rainforest c) Taiga d) Temperate grassland

    Answer: b) Tropical rainforest

  57. Which of the following is an iron and steel plant in India? a) Bhilai b) Bokaro c) Rourkela d) All of the above

    Answer: d) All of the above

  58. The Munro System was associated with: a) Education b) Land revenue c) Military d) Administration

    Answer: b) Land revenue

  59. The Paris Commune was established in: a) 1848 b) 1871 c) 1889 d) 1905

    Answer: b) 1871

  60. Which of the following is the main crop of Andhra Pradesh? a) Rice b) Wheat c) Bajra d) Maize

    Answer: a) Rice