Here are study notes on the content from Class VI to Intermediate level syllabus:
Content (Marks: 40) (Class VI to Intermediate level syllabus)
(6 - 10 Classes)
1. MEASUREMENT
Story of transport: Early modes of transport, the wheel, development of various vehicles.
Non-standard units of Measurements: Using hand spans, foot lengths, etc.
Measuring the length of a Curved line: Using thread or a divider.
Measurement of length, area, volume and time: Basic concepts and units.
CGS and SI units of length, area, volume and time:
CGS: Centimeter, gram, second.
SI: Meter, kilogram, second.
Conversion of units from CGS to S.I and Vice versa: Converting between unit systems.
2. MOTION
Describing Motion: Basic idea of movement.
Motion and Rest: Relative nature of motion and rest.
Motion Along a Straight Line: Linear motion.
Types of motion:
Translatory: Motion where all parts of an object move the same distance in the same time.
Rotatory: Circular motion about an axis.
Oscillatory: To and fro motion (e.g., pendulum).
Scalars and vectors:
Scalars: Quantities with magnitude only (e.g., distance, speed).
Vectors: Quantities with both magnitude and direction (e.g., displacement, velocity).
Distance: Total path length.
Displacement: Shortest distance between initial and final positions.
Speed: Rate of change of distance.
Velocity: Rate of change of displacement.
Average speed: Total distance traveled divided by total time.
Average velocity: Total displacement divided by total time.
Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity.
Graphical Representation of Motion:
Distance-Time Graphs: Representing distance traveled over time.
Velocity-Time Graphs: Representing velocity changes over time.
Uniform Motion and Non-Uniform Motion:
Uniform Motion: Constant velocity.
Non-Uniform Motion: Changing velocity.
Equations of Motion: Equations relating displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time for uniform acceleration. (v = u + at, s = ut + 1/2at², v² = u² + 2as)
Uniform Circular Motion: Motion at a constant speed along a circular path.
Laws of Motion:
Balanced and Unbalance Forces: Equal and opposite forces vs. net force.
First Law of Motion: Inertia - an object remains in its state of motion unless acted upon by a force.
Inertia and Mass: Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion; mass is a measure of inertia.
Momentum: Product of mass and velocity (p = mv).
Second Law of Motion: The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force (F = ma).
Third law of motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
3. FORCE, FRICTION AND PRESSURE
Force: A push or a pull.
Exploring Forces: Effects of forces.
Effect of Force on Objects: Changes in motion, shape, etc.
Types of forces:
Field force: Forces acting at a distance (e.g., gravitational, magnetic).
Contact force: Forces resulting from physical contact (e.g., friction, normal force).
Net force: The vector sum of all forces acting on an object.
Types of friction:
Static: Friction between stationary objects.
Sliding: Friction between objects sliding over each other.
Rolling: Friction between a rolling object and a surface.
Factors effecting Friction: Nature of surfaces, normal force.
Friction: A Necessary Evil: Advantages and disadvantages of friction.
Increasing and Reducing Friction: Methods to increase (e.g., treads on tires) or reduce (e.g., lubricants) friction.
Fluid friction: The friction experienced by an object moving through a fluid.
Pressure: Force per unit area.
Pressure Exerted by Liquids and Gases: Pressure in fluids.
Pressure of liquids at different depths: Pressure increases with depth.
Atmospheric Pressure: Pressure exerted by the Earth's atmosphere.
4. GRAVITATION
Uniform circular motion: Motion at constant speed in a circle.
Universal law of gravitation: Force of attraction between any two objects in the universe. (F = Gm₁m₂/r²)
Free Fall: Motion under the influence of gravity alone.
Acceleration due to Gravity: Acceleration of an object in free fall (g).
Motion of Objects Under the Influence of Gravitational Force of the Earth: Projectile motion, etc.
Mass and Weight:
Mass: Amount of matter.
Weight: Force of gravity on an object (W = mg).
Thrust and Pressure:
Thrust: Force acting perpendicular to a surface.
Pressure: Thrust per unit area.
Pressure in Fluids: Pressure exerted by liquids and gases.
Buoyancy: Upward force exerted by a fluid on an immersed object.
Floating and Sinking Objects: Factors determining whether an object floats or sinks (density).
Archimedes’ Principle: The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
5. WORK, ENERGY
Scientific Conception of Work: Work is done when a force causes displacement.
Work Done by a Constant Force: W = Fd cosθ
Energy: The ability to do work.
Forms of Energy: Kinetic, potential, thermal, etc.
Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion (KE = 1/2mv²).
Potential Energy: Energy of position or configuration (e.g., gravitational potential energy, PE = mgh).
Mechanical Energy: Sum of kinetic and potential energy.
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Conversion of Energy from one form to another: Examples like a hydroelectric power plant.
Power and its units: Rate of doing work (P = W/t).
6. SOUND
Sound - a form of energy: Sound causes vibrations.
Production of sound: Vibration of objects.
Some musical instruments: How different instruments produce sound.
Sound Needs a Medium for Propagation: Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
Human ear: Structure and function.
Hearing Impairment: Causes and types.
Noise and Music: Difference between pleasant and unpleasant sound.
Propagation of Sound: How sound travels through a medium.
Types of waves:
Longitudinal: Particles vibrate parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound waves).
Transverse: Particles vibrate perpendicular to wave direction (e.g., light waves).
Characteristics of sound waves:
Wavelength: Distance between successive crests or troughs.
Frequency: Number of oscillations per second.
Time period: Time for one complete oscillation.
Speed of the wave: Distance traveled by the wave per unit time.
Relation between frequency and time period: T = 1/f
Pitch: Perception of frequency.
Loudness and Quality:
Loudness: Depends on amplitude.
Quality (Timbre): Distinguishes between different sounds.
Intensity of Sound: Power per unit area.
Speed Of Sound in Different Media: Sound travels at different speeds in solids, liquids, and gases.
Reflection of Sound: Bouncing back of sound waves.
Echo: A reflected sound wave.
Reverberation: Multiple reflections of sound.
Uses of Multiple Reflection of Sound: Megaphones, horns.
Range of Hearing: 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz for humans.
Infrasonic and Ultrasonics:
Infrasonic: Frequencies below 20 Hz.
Ultrasonic: Frequencies above 20,000 Hz.
Applications of Ultrasound: Medical imaging, sonar.
Sound pollution: Causes and effects.
7. HEAT
Heat and temperature:
Heat: A form of energy.
Temperature: A measure of the degree of hotness or coldness.
Transfer of Heat:
Conduction: Heat transfer through direct contact.
Convection: Heat transfer by the movement of fluids.
Radiation: Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves.
Kinds of clothes we wear in summer and winter: Light vs. dark colors, insulation.
Units of temperature:
Centigrade (Celsius)
Fahrenheit
Kelvin
Conversions: Converting between temperature scales.
Expansion of liquids due to heat: Volume changes with temperature.
Types of thermometers: Clinical, laboratory.
Thermal equilibrium: State where there is no net heat flow between objects.
Temperature and Kinetic energy: Temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of molecules.
Specific Heat: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.
Applications of Specific heat capacity: Heating, cooling.
Principle of method of mixtures: Heat lost by hot body = Heat gained by cold body.
Determination of Specific heat of a solid: Experimental methods.
Evaporation: Liquid to gas conversion at the surface.
Condensation: Gas to liquid conversion.
Humidity: The amount of water vapor in the air.
Dew and Fog: Formation of water droplets near the ground.
Boiling: Liquid to gas conversion throughout the volume.
Latent heat of vaporization: Heat absorbed during boiling.
Melting: Solid to liquid conversion.
Latent heat of fusion: Heat absorbed during melting.
Freezing: Liquid to solid conversion.
Temperature-time graph: Graph plotting temperature change over time.
8. LIGHT
Light: Electromagnetic radiation that makes sight possible
Transparent, Opaque and Translucent Objects:
Transparent: Allows light to pass through.
Opaque: Does not allow light to pass through.
Translucent: Allows some light to pass through.
Shadows and Images: Formation of shadows and images.
Rectilinear Propagation of Light: Light travels in straight lines.
A Pinhole Camera: Image formation.
Regular and Diffused Reflection:
Regular: Reflection from a smooth surface.
Diffused: Reflection from a rough surface.
Reflection of light by plane surfaces:
Laws of reflection: Angle of incidence equals angle of reflection.
Periscope: Uses reflection.
Multiple images: Formation by inclined mirrors.
Kaleidoscope: Uses multiple reflections.
Characteristics of image formed by plane mirrors: Virtual, erect, laterally inverted, same size.
Spherical Mirrors and Images: Concave and convex mirrors.
Spectrum: The distribution of colors in light.
Wave nature of light: Light as an electromagnetic wave.
Fermat principle: Light travels in the path that takes the least time.
Sign convention: Rules for measuring distances in ray optics.
Refraction: Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces: Bending of light when it passes from one medium to another medium with a plane surface.
Refractive index: The ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in a medium.
Absolute refractive index: Refractive index of a medium with respect to vacuum.
Relative refractive index: Refractive index of one medium with respect to another.
Snell’s law: Relationship between angles of incidence and refraction (n₁ sinθ₁ = n₂ sinθ₂).
Critical angle: The angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90 degrees.
Total Internal Reflection: The complete reflection of a light ray within a medium when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.
Applications of total internal reflection: Optical fibers, prisms.
Mirages: Optical illusion caused by refraction.
Optical fibres: Thin glass fibers that transmit light.
Refraction Through a Glass Slab: Lateral shift.
Lateral shift: The perpendicular distance between the incident ray and the emergent ray when light is refracted through a glass slab.
Vertical shift: Apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed through a refracting medium.
Refraction of Light at Curved Surfaces: Lenses.
Lenses: Converging and diverging lenses.
Terminology used in the case of lenses:
Focal length
Focus
Optic Centre
Principal axis
Radius of curvature
Centre of curvature
Focal plane
Behaviour of certain light rays when they are incident on a lens: Ray diagrams.
Images formed by lenses for various distances of objects: Image formation rules.
UV method: Using object distance (u) and image distance (v) to characterize lenses.
Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u
Lens maker’s formula: Relates focal length to refractive index and radii of curvature.
Human Eye: Structure and function.
Least distance of distinct vision: 25 cm.
Angle of vision: The maximum angle up to which the eye can see objects clearly.
Myopia: Nearsightedness.
Hypermetropia: Farsightedness.
Presbyopia: Age-related vision problem.
Care of the Eyes: Good practices for eye health.
Braille System: Reading and writing system for the visually impaired.
Visually Impaired Persons: Challenges and aids.
Power of lens: The degree of convergence or divergence of light rays.
Refractive index of a Prism: How a prism bends light.
Dispersion of light through prism: Separation of white light into its component colors.
Sunlight-Dispersion: Rainbow.
Rainbow: Formation of a rainbow.
Scattering of light: The phenomenon in which light rays deviate from their straight path on striking an obstacle.
9. ELECTRICITY
Simple Electric circuit and its components: Battery, switch, bulb, wires.
Conductors, Insulators: Materials that allow or resist electric current.
Type of cells:
Dry cell
Liquid cell
Electric symbols and uses: Standard symbols for circuit components.
Series and parallel connection of cells and bulbs:
Series: Components connected end-to-end.
Parallel: Components connected across the same two points.
Heating effects of Electricity: Heat produced by electric current (Joule's law).
Understanding of CFL, Fuse and MCBs:
CFL: Compact fluorescent lamp.
Fuse: Safety device that breaks the circuit.
MCB: Miniature circuit breaker.
Chemical Effects Of Electric Current: Electrolysis.
Good/Poor Conducting Liquids: Electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
Electroplating: Using electric current to coat a metal with another.
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current: Magnetic field produced by electric current.
Electromagnet: A temporary magnet made by passing current through a coil.
Electric bell: A device that uses electromagnetism to produce sound.
Electric current: The rate of flow of electric charge.
Drude and Lorentz theory: Classical model of electrical conduction in metals.
Potential difference and EMF:
Potential difference: The difference in electric potential between two points.
EMF (Electromotive force): The potential difference across the terminals of a source when no current is flowing.
Drift velocity and working of a cell: The average velocity of charge carriers in a conductor.
Ohm's law: The voltage across a conductor is proportional to the current through it (V = IR).
Electric shock: Physiological effect of electric current passing through the body.
Factors affecting the resistance: Length, area, material, temperature.
Series connection of resistors: Total resistance is the sum of individual resistances (R = R₁ + R₂ + ...).
Parallel Connection of resistors: The reciprocal of the total resistance is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances (1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...).
Multi-meter: A device that measures voltage, current, and resistance.
Kirchhoff’s laws:
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL): The total current entering a junction is equal to the total current leaving it.
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of the potential differences in a closed loop is zero.
Sign convention in a circuit: Rules for assigning positive and negative signs to voltages and currents.
Electric power: The rate at which electrical energy is consumed (P = VI).
Power consumption: The amount of electrical energy used.
Electric energy: The total work done by the electric current (E = Pt).
Overload: A condition where too much current flows through a circuit.
10. MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM
How Magnets were discovered: Historical overview.
Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Materials: Materials attracted and not attracted to magnets.
Types of Magnets: Permanent and temporary magnets.
Poles of Magnet: North and South poles.
Properties of Magnets: Attraction, repulsion, directive property.
Storing magnets safely: Using keepers.
Magnetic compass: A device that uses a magnetic needle to indicate direction.
Earth as a Magnet: The Earth's magnetic field.
Magnetic Induction: The process by which a magnetic material becomes magnetized when placed in a magnetic field.
Oersted's experiment: Electric current produces a magnetic field.
Magnetic Field: The region around a magnet where its influence can be felt.
Magnetic flux: A measure of the total magnetic field that passes through a given area.
Magnetic flux density: Magnetic flux per unit area.
Magnetic field due to straight wire /circular coil/solenoid carrying current: Patterns of magnetic fields.
Magnetic Force: The force exerted on a moving charge or current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
Electric Motor: A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Electromagnetic induction: The production of an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor when it is exposed to a changing magnetic field.
Faraday’s Law: The magnitude of the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
Lenz Law: The direction of the induced EMF is such that it opposes the change that produced it.
Applications of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction: Generators, transformers.
Induced current: The current produced in a conductor due to electromagnetic induction.
Induced EMF: The electromotive force produced in a conductor due to electromagnetic induction.
Electric generator: A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
DC and AC currents:
DC (Direct Current): Current flows in one direction.
AC (Alternating Current): Current changes direction periodically.
RMS values: Root mean square values of AC current and voltage.
11. PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY
Metallurgy: The science and technology of extracting metals from their ores and preparing them for use.
Occurrence of the metals in nature: Free and combined states.
Ores and Minerals:
Minerals: Naturally occurring substances containing the metal.
Ores: Minerals from which metals can be profitably extracted.
Extraction of metals: General principles.
Activity series: Arrangement of metals in the order of their reactivity.
Concentration or Dressing of the ore: Removing impurities from the ore.
Hand picking: Separating impurities by hand.
Washing: Removing lighter impurities by washing with water.
Froth flotation: Separating sulfide ores using froth.
Magnetic Separation: Separating magnetic and non-magnetic components.
Extraction of crude metal from the ore: Reducing the ore.
Reduction of purified ore to the metal: Using reducing agents.
Purification of the crude metal: Refining methods.
Distillation: Separating volatile metals.
Polling: Refining molten metals.
Liquation: Separating metals with low melting points.
Electrolytic refining: Using electrolysis for purification.
Corrosion: The deterioration of a metal due to chemical reactions with its environment.
Prevention of corrosion: Methods like painting, galvanization.
Thermite process: A highly exothermic reaction used to obtain metals.
Smelting: Extracting metal from its ore by heating it to a high temperature.
Roasting: Heating an ore in the presence of air.
Calcination: Heating an ore in the absence of air.
Flux: A substance added to the ore to lower the melting point of the gangue.
Gangue: The unwanted material mixed with the ore.
Blast furnace: A furnace used for smelting iron.
Reverberatory furnace: A furnace used for roasting and calcination.
12. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Allotropes of Carbon: Different structural forms of carbon.
Amorphous forms: Coal, charcoal.
Crystalline forms: Diamond, graphite.
Diamond: Properties and uses.
Graphite: Properties and uses.
Buckminsterfullerene: A spherical fullerene molecule.
Nanotubes: Cylindrical molecules.
Versatile nature of Carbon: Ability to form many compounds.
Catenation: The ability of carbon atoms to form long chains.
Tetravalency: Carbon has four valence electrons.
Hydrocarbons: Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen.
Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons:
Saturated: Single bonds only (alkanes).
Unsaturated: Double or triple bonds (alkenes and alkynes).
Homologous series: A series of compounds with similar properties and structures, differing by a CH₂ group.
Isomerism: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
Functional groups: Atoms or groups of atoms that determine the properties of organic compounds.
Nomenclature of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Naming straight-chain hydrocarbons.
IUPAC names: Systematic naming of organic compounds.
Chemical properties of carbon compounds:
Combustion: Burning in oxygen.
Oxidation reactions
Addition reactions: Adding atoms or groups to unsaturated compounds.
Substitution reactions: Replacing atoms or groups in a molecule.
Ethanol: Properties and uses.
Ethanoic acid: Properties and uses.
Esters: Sweet-smelling compounds formed by the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
Esterification Reactions: The reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to form an ester.
Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids.
Saponification and Micelles:
Saponification: The process of making soap.
Micelles: Spherical aggregates of soap molecules.
Cleansing action of soap: How soap removes dirt and grease.
Detergents: Synthetic cleaning agents.
13. SOME NATURAL PHENOMENON
The Story of Lightning: Historical understanding.
Charging by Rubbing: Static electricity.
Electric charge and properties of electric charge: Positive and negative charges.
Types of charges and their interactions: Attraction and repulsion.
Transfer of charge: Conduction, induction.
Lightning: A large-scale electrical discharge in the atmosphere.
Lightning safety: Precautions during lightning.
Lightning conductors: Devices used to protect buildings from lightning.
Earthquake: Sudden shaking of the Earth's crust.
Tsunami: A series of large waves caused by an earthquake or other disturbance.
Causes and effects: Causes and effects of earthquakes and tsunamis.
Protective measures: Safety measures during earthquakes and tsunamis.
14. STARS AND SOLAR SYSTEM
The Moon: Earth's natural satellite.
The Moon’s Surface: Features like craters and maria.
Phases of Moon: Different shapes of the Moon as seen from Earth.
Eclipses:
Solar eclipse
Lunar eclipses
The Stars: Distant celestial bodies.
Movement of Stars: Apparent movement due to Earth's rotation.
Constellation: A group of stars forming a recognizable pattern.
Pole star: A star that appears stationary in the sky.
Movement of the sun: Apparent movement due to Earth's rotation.
Solar System: The Sun and the objects that orbit it.
**Planets and Some Other Members
1. MEASUREMENT
The story of transport led to the need for: a) Faster vehicles b) Better roads c) Standard units of measurement d) More fuel-efficient engines Answer: c)
Which of the following is a non-standard unit of measurement? a) Meter b) Kilogram c) Handspan d) Second Answer: c)
To measure the length of a curved line, you would typically use: a) A ruler b) A measuring tape directly c) A thread and then a ruler d) A Vernier caliper Answer: c)
The SI unit of area is: a) Meter (m) b) Square meter (m²) c) Cubic meter (m³) d) Liter (L) Answer: b)
1 liter is equal to how many cubic centimeters (cm³)? a) 10 b) 100 c) 1000 d) 10000 Answer: c)
The CGS unit of time is: a) Second (s) b) Minute (min) c) Hour (h) d) Day (d) Answer: a)
To convert meters to centimeters, you multiply by: a) 10 b) 100 c) 1000 d) 1/100 Answer: b)
Which of the following is the SI unit of volume? a) Liter b) Milliliter c) Cubic meter d) Square meter Answer: c)
2. MOTION
A body is said to be in motion when its ______ changes with time with respect to a stationary object. a) Size b) Shape c) Position d) Color Answer: c)
Motion along a straight line is called: a) Rotatory motion b) Oscillatory motion c) Translatory motion d) Circular motion Answer: c)
The motion of the blades of a rotating fan is an example of: a) Translatory motion b) Rotatory motion c) Oscillatory motion d) Vibratory motion Answer: b)
A quantity that has both magnitude and direction is called a: a) Scalar b) Vector c) Speed d) Distance Answer: b)
The shortest path between the initial and final position of an object is called: a) Distance b) Speed c) Displacement d) Velocity Answer: c)
Speed is defined as: a) Change in velocity per unit time b) Total displacement divided by total time c) Total distance covered divided by total time d) Rate of change of position in a specific direction Answer: c)
Velocity is defined as: a) Total distance covered divided by total time b) Change in speed per unit time c) Displacement divided by total time d) Rate of change of position Answer: c)
Acceleration is the rate of change of: a) Speed b) Distance c) Velocity d) Displacement Answer: c)
In a distance-time graph, a straight line parallel to the time axis indicates that the object is: a) Moving with uniform speed b) At rest c) Moving with uniform acceleration d) Moving with non-uniform speed Answer: b)
The slope of a velocity-time graph represents: a) Distance b) Displacement c) Acceleration d) Speed Answer: c)
For uniform motion, the velocity-time graph is a: a) Curve b) Straight line parallel to the time axis c) Straight line inclined to the time axis d) Any of the above Answer: b)
The equations of motion are valid for: a) Non-uniform acceleration b) Uniform velocity c) Uniform acceleration d) Any type of motion Answer: c)
An object moving in a circular path with constant speed has: a) Zero acceleration b) Constant velocity c) Variable velocity d) Zero displacement Answer: c)
Newton's first law of motion is also known as the law of: a) Acceleration b) Inertia c) Momentum d) Reaction Answer: b)
The tendency of an object to resist any change in its state of rest or uniform motion is called: a) Force b) Inertia c) Momentum d) Acceleration Answer: b)
The measure of inertia of an object is its: a) Weight b) Speed c) Mass d) Velocity Answer: c)
Momentum is defined as the product of: a) Mass and acceleration b) Force and time c) Mass and velocity d) Force and displacement Answer: c)
Newton's second law of motion relates: a) Force and momentum b) Force and acceleration c) Momentum and velocity d) Inertia and mass Answer: b)
Newton's third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite: a) Force b) Momentum c) Inertia d) Reaction Answer: d)
3. FORCE, FRICTION AND PRESSURE
A force can change the: a) Speed of an object b) Direction of motion of an object c) Shape of an object d) All of the above Answer: d)
Gravitational force is an example of: a) Contact force b) Field force c) Muscular force d) Frictional force Answer: b)
The net force acting on an object is the: a) Sum of all forces b) Difference between the largest and smallest force c) Vector sum of all forces d) Product of all forces Answer: c)
The force that opposes the motion of one surface sliding over another is called: a) Gravitational force b) Magnetic force c) Frictional force d) Electrostatic force Answer: c)
The friction experienced by a body when it is at rest is called: a) Sliding friction b) Rolling friction c) Static friction d) Fluid friction Answer: c)
Which type of friction is generally the least? a) Static friction b) Sliding friction c) Rolling friction d) Fluid friction Answer: c)
Friction can be increased by: a) Using lubricants b) Polishing surfaces c) Increasing the roughness of surfaces d) Using ball bearings Answer: c)
Streamlining the shape of an object moving through a fluid reduces: a) Static friction b) Sliding friction c) Rolling friction d) Fluid friction Answer: d)
Pressure is defined as: a) Force multiplied by area b) Area divided by force c) Force divided by area d) Force plus area Answer: c)
The pressure exerted by a liquid at a certain depth depends on: a) The shape of the container b) The amount of liquid c) The density of the liquid and the depth d) The surface area of the liquid Answer: c)
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere is called: a) Liquid pressure b) Gauge pressure c) Atmospheric pressure d) Absolute pressure Answer: c)
4. GRAVITATION
The force that keeps objects on the ground is: a) Magnetic force b) Electrostatic force c) Gravitational force d) Muscular force Answer: c)
The universal law of gravitation was given by: a) Albert Einstein b) Isaac Newton c) Galileo Galilei d) Stephen Hawking Answer: b)
The gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their: a) Velocities b) Accelerations c) Masses d) Volumes Answer: c)
The gravitational force between two objects is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their: a) Centers b) Surfaces c) Edges d) Volumes Answer: a)
The motion of an object under the influence of gravity alone is called: a) Uniform motion b) Non-uniform motion c) Free fall d) Circular motion Answer: c)
The acceleration due to gravity on the Earth's surface is approximately: a) 9.8 m/s b) 9.8 m/s² c) 9.8 N d) 9.8 kg Answer: b)
The mass of an object is a measure of its: a) Weight b) Inertia c) Density d) Volume Answer: b)
The weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards the Earth and is given by: a) Mass / gravity b) Mass + gravity c) Mass × gravity d) Gravity / mass Answer: c)
The upward force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed in it is called: a) Pressure b) Thrust c) Buoyancy d) Gravity Answer: c)
The principle that states that when a body is partially or fully immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upward thrust equal to the weight of 1 the fluid displaced by it is: a) Pascal's law b) Archimedes' principle c) Bernoulli's principle d) Newton's law of viscosity Answer: b)
5. WORK, ENERGY
Work is said to be done when a force: a) Acts on an object b) Displaces an object c) Is very large d) Is zero Answer: b)
The SI unit of work is: a) Watt (W) b) Newton (N) c) Joule (J) d) Pascal (Pa) Answer: c)
Energy is the ability to do: a) Force b) Pressure c) Work d) Power Answer: c)
The energy possessed by an object due to its motion is called: a) Potential energy b) Kinetic energy c) Chemical energy d) Thermal energy Answer: b)
The energy possessed by an object due to its position or configuration is called: a) Kinetic energy b) Potential energy c) Nuclear energy d) Light energy Answer: b)
The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of an object is called its: a) Thermal energy b) Chemical energy c) Mechanical energy d) Nuclear energy Answer: c)
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor: a) Increased b) Decreased c) Destroyed d) Transformed Answer: c)
The rate of doing work is called: a) Energy b) Force c) Power d) Momentum Answer: c)
The SI unit of power is: a) Joule (J) b) Newton (N) c) Watt (W) d) Pascal (Pa) Answer: c)
6. SOUND
Sound is a form of: a) Light b) Heat c) Energy d) Matter Answer: c)
Sound is produced by: a) Silence b) Vibrations c) Still air d) Smooth surfaces Answer: b)
Sound needs a ______ for propagation. a) Vacuum b) Medium c) Light source d) Smooth surface Answer: b)
Sound waves in air are: a) Transverse waves b) Longitudinal waves c) Electromagnetic waves d) Stationary waves Answer: b)
The distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions in a sound wave is called its: a) Frequency b) Time period c) Wavelength d) Amplitude Answer: c)
The number of oscillations per unit time is called: a) Wavelength b) Amplitude c) Frequency d) Time period Answer: c)
The SI unit of frequency is: a) Meter (m) b) Second (s) c) Hertz (Hz) d) Decibel (dB) Answer: c)
The time taken for one complete oscillation is called: a) Frequency b) Wavelength c) Time period d) Amplitude Answer: c)
The relation between frequency (f) and time period (T) is: a) f = T b) f = 1/T c) f = T² d) f = √T Answer: b)
The characteristic of sound that determines its shrillness or flatness is called: a) Loudness b) Quality c) Pitch d) Intensity Answer: c)
The characteristic of sound that depends on its amplitude is: a) Pitch b) Quality c) Loudness d) Frequency Answer: c)
The reflection of sound that reaches our ears after a time delay is called: a) Resonance b) Interference c) Echo d) Diffraction Answer: c)
Sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hz are called: a) Audible waves b) Ultrasonic waves c) Infrasonic waves d) Radio waves Answer: c)
Sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz are called: a) Audible waves b) Ultrasonic waves c) Infrasonic waves d) Microwaves Answer: b)
Unwanted sound is called: a) Music b) Noise c) Melody d) Harmony Answer: b)
7. HEAT
Heat is a form of: a) Light b) Sound c) Energy d) Matter Answer: c)
The degree of hotness or coldness of a body is called its: a) Heat b) Temperature c) Thermal energy d) Specific heat Answer: b)
The transfer of heat through a solid by the vibration of particles is called: a) Convection b) Radiation c) Conduction d) Evaporation Answer: c)
The transfer of heat through fluids by the movement of heated particles is called: a) Conduction b) Radiation c) Convection d) Condensation Answer: c)
The transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves is called: a) Conduction b) Convection c) Radiation d) Sublimation Answer: c)
The SI unit of temperature is: a) Celsius (°C) b) Fahrenheit (°F) c) Kelvin (K) d) Joule (J) Answer: c)
The conversion formula from Celsius to Kelvin is: a) K = °C - 273.15 b) K = °C × 9/5 + 32 c) K = °C + 273.15 d) K = (°C - 32) × 5/9 Answer: c)